CardioSomaticsCardioSomaticsCardioСоматика2221-71852658-5707Eco-Vector62480910.17816/CS624809ReviewsОбзорыReview ArticleMusculoskeletal disorders and coronary artery disease —promising molecular markers: literature reviewНарушения костно-мышечного статуса и ишемическая болезнь сердца — перспективные молекулярные маркёры: обзор литературыhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-9801-9839KaretnikovaViktoria N.КаретниковаВиктория Николаевна
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor

д-р мед. наук, профессор

tori1071@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-6808-9959NeeshpapaAnastasiya G.НеешпапаАнастасия Геннадьевна
Russian Federation

MD, Cand. Sci. (Med.)

канд. мед. наук

anastasiyaneeshpapa@mail.ruhttps://orcid.org/0009-0005-9057-3535CarpovaEvgenia I.КарповаЕвгения Иссаевна
Russian Federation
iameviss1@yandex.ruhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-3610BarbarashOlga L.БарбарашОльга Леонидовна
Russian Federation

MD, Dr. Sci. (Med.), Professor, Academician of RAS

д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН

karevn@kemcardio.ruResearch Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular DiseasesНИИ комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеванийKemerovo State Medical UniversityКемеровский государственный медицинский университет270320241004202415155701912202326022024Copyright ©; 2024, Eco-VectorCopyright ©; 2024, ООО "Эко-Вектор"2024Eco-VectorООО "Эко-Вектор"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/https://cardiosomatics.ru/2221-7185/article/view/624809

Currently, increasing evidence shows that people with cardiovascular diseases, including coronary heart disease, have a higher risk of developing pathologies such as sarcopenia, osteopenia, osteosarcopenia, sarcopenic, and osteosarcopenic obesity, which is associated with increased mortality risk. Musculoskeletal and adipose tissue changes have significantly affected the quality of life of patients and are important clinical problems. It is assumed that between the aforementioned disorders and coronary heart disease, a pathogenetic connection with the possibility of mutual aggravation exists. Accordingly, the search for relevant and accurate markers that reflect the severity and characterize the prognosis of a complex of pathological conditions is necessary given the increased proportion of patients in the general population with comorbidities. The article reviews the basic concepts of age-related disorders of body composition and molecular markers and emphasizes on new and potentially promising ones. The results can help in identifying and assessing the severity and prognosis of atherosclerosis, including coronary heart disease, and various disorders of musculoskeletal homeostasis, which reflects the commonality of their pathogenesis.

В настоящее время появляется всё больше данных о том, что у лиц с сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, включая ишемическую болезнь сердца, присутствует более высокая вероятность развития такой патологии, как саркопения, остеопения, остеосаркопения, саркопеническое и остеосаркопеническое ожирение, что, в свою очередь, связано с повышенным риском смертности. Изменения в опорно-двигательном аппарате и жировой ткани оказывают значительное влияние на качество жизни пациентов и, кроме того, являются важной клинической проблемой. Предполагается, что между вышеописанными нарушениями и ишемической болезнью сердца существует патогенетическая связь с возможностью взаимного отягощения. В связи с этим поиск актуальных и точных маркёров, отражающих тяжесть и характеризующих прогноз комплекса патологических состояний, необходим на фоне увеличения доли коморбидных пациентов в общей популяции. В статье рассмотрены основные понятия возрастных нарушений состава тела и молекулярные маркёры с акцентом на новые и потенциально перспективные, которые могли бы помочь в выявлении, оценке степени тяжести и прогнозировании атеросклероза, включая ишемическую болезнь сердца, и различных нарушений костно-мышечного гомеостаза, отражающих общность их патогенеза.

sarcopeniaosteopeniaosteosarcopeniaosteosarcopenic obesitysarcopenic obesitycoronary heart diseasemodern diagnostic markersсаркопенияостеопенияостеосаркопенияостеосаркопеническое ожирениесаркопеническое ожирениеишемическая болезнь сердцасовременные маркёры диагностикиCasati M, Costa AS, Capitanio D, et al. The Biological Foundations of Sarcopenia: Established and Promising Markers. Front Med (Lausanne). 2019;(6):184. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00184Casati M., Costa A.S., Capitanio D., et al. The Biological Foundations of Sarcopenia: Established and Promising Markers // Front Med (Lausanne). 2019. N 6. P. 184. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2019.00184Lee K. Association of osteosarcopenic obesity and its components: osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity with insulin resistance. J Bone Miner Metab. 2020;38(5):695–701. doi: 10.1007/s00774-020-01104-2Lee K. Association of osteosarcopenic obesity and its components: osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity with insulin resistance // J Bone Miner Metab. 2020. Vol. 38, N 5. P. 695–701. doi: 10.1007/s00774-020-01104-2Keramidaki K, Tsagari A, Hiona M, Risvas G. Osteosarcopenic obesity, the coexistence of osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity and consequences in the quality of life in older adults ≥65 years-old in Greece. J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls. 2019;4(4):91–101. doi: 10.22540/JFSF-04-091Keramidaki K., Tsagari A., Hiona M., Risvas G. Osteosarcopenic obesity, the coexistence of osteoporosis, sarcopenia and obesity and consequences in the quality of life in older adults ≥65 years-old in Greece // J Frailty Sarcopenia Falls. 2019. Vol. 4, N 4. P. 91–101. doi: 10.22540/JFSF-04-091Zhang N, Zhu WL, Liu XH, et al. Prevalence and prognostic implications of sarcopenia in older patients with coronary heart disease. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2019;16(10):756–763. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2019.10.002Zhang N., Zhu W.L., Liu X.H., et al. Prevalence and prognostic implications of sarcopenia in older patients with coronary heart disease // J Geriatr Cardiol. 2019. Vol. 16, N 10. P. 756–763. doi: 10.11909/j.issn.1671-5411.2019.10.002Hong SH, Choi KM. Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(2):494. doi: 10.3390/ijms21020494Hong S.-H., Choi K.M. Sarcopenic Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Their Implications in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Consequences // Int J Mol Sci. 2020. Vol. 21, N 2. P. 494. doi: 10.3390/ijms21020494Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16–31. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy169. Erratum in: Age Ageing. 2019;48(4):601.Cruz-Jentoft A.J., Bahat G., Bauer J., et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis // Age and Ageing. 2019. Vol. 48, N 1. P. 16–31. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afy169. Erratum in: Age Ageing. 2019. Vol. 48, N 4. P. 601.Uchida S, Kamiya K, Hamazaki N, et al. Association between sarcopenia and atherosclerosis in elderly patients with ischemic heart disease. Heart Vessels. 2020;35(6):769–775. doi: 10.1007/s00380-020-01554-8Uchida S., Kamiya K., Hamazaki N., et al. Association between sarcopenia and atherosclerosis in elderly patients with ischemic heart disease // Heart Vessels. 2020. Vol. 35, N 6. P. 769–775. doi: 10.1007/s00380-020-01554-8He N, Zhang Y, Zhang L, et al. Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly: An Overview. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021;(8):743710. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.743710He N., Zhang Y., Zhang L., et al. Relationship Between Sarcopenia and Cardiovascular Diseases in the Elderly: An Overview // Front Cardiovasc Med. 2021. N 8. P. 743710. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.743710Xia N, Cai Y, Wang W, et al. Association of bone-related biomarkers with femoral neck bone strength. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23(1):482. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05427-1Xia N., Cai Y., Wang W., et al. Association of bone-related biomarkers with femoral neck bone strength // BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022. Vol. 23, N 1. P. 482. doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05427-1Khandkar C, Vaidya K, Karimi Galougahi K, Patel S. Low bone mineral density and coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2021;(37):100891. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100891Khandkar C., Vaidya K., Karimi Galougahi K., Patel S. Low bone mineral density and coronary artery disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Int J Cardiol Heart Vasc. 2021. N 37. P. 100891. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcha.2021.100891den Uyl D, Nurmohamed MT, van Tuyl LH, et al. (Sub)clinical cardiovascular disease is associated with increased bone loss and fracture risk; a systematic review of the association between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2011;13(1):R5. doi: 10.1186/ar3224den Uyl D., Nurmohamed M., van Tuyl L., et al. (Sub)clinical cardiovascular disease is associated with increased bone loss and fracture risk; a systematic review of the association between cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis // Arthritis Res Ther. 2011. Vol. 13, N 1. P. R5. doi: 10.1186/ar3224Grebennikova TA, Tsoriev TT, Vorobeva JR, Belaya ZE. Osteosarcopenia: pathogenesis, diagnosis and therapeutic approaches. Annals of the Russian academy of medical sciences. 2020;75(3):240–249. doi: 10.15690/vramn1243Гребенникова Т.А., Цориев Т.Т., Воробьёва Ю.Р., Белая З.Е. Остеосаркопения: патогенез, диагностика и возможности терапии // Вестник РАМН. 2020. Т. 75, № 3. C. 240–249. doi: 10.15690/vramn1243Fahimfar N, Parsaiyan H, Khalagi K, et al. The Association of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Scores and Osteosarcopenia Among Older Adult Populations: The Results of Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) Program. Calcif Tissue Int. 2023;112(4):422–429. doi: 10.1007/s00223-022-01059-8Fahimfar N., Parsaiyan H., Khalagi K., et al. The Association of Cardiovascular Diseases Risk Scores and Osteosarcopenia Among Older Adult Populations: The Results of Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) Program // Calcif Tissue Int. 2023. Vol. 112, N 4. P. 422–429. doi: 10.1007/s00223-022-01059-8Caffarelli C, Al Refaie A, Baldassini L, et al. Bone fragility, sarcopenia and cardiac calcifications in an elderly population: a preliminary study. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023;35(5):1097–1105. doi: 10.1007/s40520-023-02393-zCaffarelli C., Al Refaie A., Baldassini L., et al. Bone fragility, sarcopenia and cardiac calcifications in an elderly population: a preliminary study // Aging Clin Exp Res. 2023. Vol. 35. P. 1097–1105. doi: 10.1007/s40520-023-02393-zPark CH, Lee YT, Yoon KJ. Association between osteosarcopenia and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic individuals. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):2231. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02640-1Park C.H., Lee Y.T., Yoon K.J. Association between osteosarcopenia and coronary artery calcification in asymptomatic individuals // Sci Rep. 2022. Vol. 12, N 1. P. 2231. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-02640-1Berns SA, Sheptulina AF, Mamutova EM, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic criteria. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2023;22(6):78–85. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3576Бернс С.А., Шептулина А.Ф., Мамутова Э.М., и др. Саркопеническое ожирение: эпидемиология, патогенез и особенности диагностики // Кардиоваскулярная терапия и профилактика. 2023. Т. 22, № 6. С. 78–85. doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2023-3576Santana NM, Mendes RML, Silva NFD, Pinho CPS. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity as prognostic predictors in hospitalized elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2019;17(4):eAO4632. doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2019AO4632Santana N.M., Mendes R.M.L., Silva N.F., Pinho C.P.S. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity as prognostic predictors in hospitalized elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction // Einstein (Sao Paulo). 2019. Vol. 17, N 4. P. eAO4632. doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2019AO4632Sato R, Okada K, Akiyama E, et al. Impact of sarcopenic obesity on long-term clinical outcomes after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Atherosclerosis. 2021;(335):135–141. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.038Sato R., Okada K., Akiyama E., et al. "Impact of sarcopenic obesity on long-term clinical outcomes after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction" // Atherosclerosis. 2021. N 335. P. 135–141. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.08.038Silveira EA, da Silva Filho RR, Spexoto MCB, et al. The Role of Sarcopenic Obesity in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: A Synthesis of the Evidence on Pathophysiological Aspects and Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(9):4339. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094339Silveira E.A., da Silva Filho R.R., Spexoto M.C.B., et al. The Role of Sarcopenic Obesity in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease: A Synthesis of the Evidence on Pathophysiological Aspects and Clinical Implications // Int J Mol Sci. 2021. Vol. 22, N 9. P. 4339. doi: 10.3390/ijms22094339Li F, Bai T, Ren Y, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between sarcopenia and myocardial infarction. BMC Geriatr. 2023;23(1):11. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03712-1Li F., Bai T., Ren Y., et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the association between sarcopenia and myocardial infarction // BMC Geriatr. 2023. Vol. 23, N 1. P. 11. doi: 10.1186/s12877-022-03712-1Hu K, Deya Edelen E, Zhuo W, et al. Understanding the Consequences of Fatty Bone and Fatty Muscle: How the Osteosarcopenic Adiposity Phenotype Uncovers the Deterioration of Body Composition. Metabolites. 2023;13(10):1056. doi: 10.3390/metabo13101056Hu K., Deya Edelen E., Zhuo W., et al. Understanding the Consequences of Fatty Bone and Fatty Muscle: How the Osteosarcopenic Adiposity Phenotype Uncovers the Deterioration of Body Composition // Metabolites. 2023. Vol. 13, N 10. P. 1056. doi: 10.3390/metabo13101056Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, et al. Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases. Ageing Res Rev. 2018;(47):214–277. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004Cardoso A.L., Fernandes A., Aguilar-Pimentel J.A., et al. Towards frailty biomarkers: candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases // Ageing Res Rev. 2018. N 47. P. 214–277. doi: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.004Sato R, Vatic M, da Fonseca GWP, von Haehling S. Sarcopenia and Frailty in Heart Failure: Is There a Biomarker Signature? Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2022;19(6):400–411. doi: 10.1007/s11897-022-00575-wSato R., Vatic M., da Fonseca G.W.P., von Haehling S. Sarcopenia and Frailty in Heart Failure: Is There a Biomarker Signature? // Curr Heart Fail Rep. 2022. Vol. 19, N 6. P. 400–411. doi: 10.1007/s11897-022-00575-wMacari S, Madeira MFM, Lima ILA, et al. ST2 regulates bone loss in a site-dependent and estrogen-dependent manner. J Cell Biochem. 2018;119(10):8511–8521. doi: 10.1002/jcb.27080Macari S., Madeira M.F.M., Lima I.L.A., et al. ST2 regulates bone loss in a site-dependent and estrogen-dependent manner // J Cell Biochem. 2018. Vol. 119, N 10. Р. 8511–8521. doi: 10.1002/jcb.27080Hughes MF, Appelbaum S, Havulinna AS, et al. ST2 may not be a useful predictor for incident cardiovascular events, heart failure and mortality. Heart. 2014;100(21):1715–1721. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305968Hughes M.F., Appelbaum S., Havulinna A.S., et al. ST2 may not be a useful predictor for incident cardiovascular events, heart failure and mortality // Heart. 2014. Vol. 100, N 21. Р. 1715–1721. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-305968Demyanets S, Speidl WS, Tentzeris I, et al. Soluble ST2 and interleukin-33 levels in coronary artery disease: relation to disease activity and adverse outcome. PLoS One. 2014;9(4):e95055. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095055Demyanets S., Speidl W.S., Tentzeris I., et al. Soluble ST2 and interleukin-33 levels in coronary artery disease: relation to disease activity and adverse outcome // PLoS One. 2014. Vol. 9, N 4. Р. e95055. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095055Zhang J, Chen Z, Ma M, He Y. Soluble ST2 in coronary artery disease: Clinical biomarkers and treatment guidance. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;(9):924461. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.924461Zhang J., Chen Z., Ma M., He Y. Soluble ST2 in coronary artery disease: Clinical biomarkers and treatment guidance // Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022. N 9. Р. 924461. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.924461Alcalde-Estévez E, Asenjo-Bueno A, Sosa P, et al. Endothelin-1 induces cellular senescence and fibrosis in cultured myoblasts. A potential mechanism of aging-related sarcopenia. Aging (Albany NY). 2020;12(12):11200–11223. doi: 10.18632/aging.103450Alcalde-Estévez E., Asenjo-Bueno A., Sosa P., et al. Endothelin-1 induces cellular senescence and fibrosis in cultured myoblasts. A potential mechanism of aging-related sarcopenia // Aging (Albany NY). 2020. Vol. 12, N 12. Р. 11200–11223. doi: 10.18632/aging.103450Dhaun N, Webb DJ. Endothelins in cardiovascular biology and therapeutics. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019;16(8):491–502. doi: 10.1038/s41569-019-0176-3Dhaun N., Webb D.J. Endothelins in cardiovascular biology and therapeutics // Nat Rev Cardiol. 2019. Vol. 16, N 8. P. 491–502. doi: 10.1038/s41569-019-0176-3Goudhaman L, Raja Jagadeesan A, Sundaramoorthi S, et al. Association of Serum Asymmetric Dimethylarginine with the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Pilot Study. Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 2021;10(2):302–306. doi: 10.52547/rbmb.10.2.302Goudhaman L., Raja Jagadeesan A., Sundaramoorthi S., et al. Association of Serum Asymmetric Dimethylarginine with the Severity of Coronary Artery Disease: A Pilot Study // Rep Biochem Mol Biol. 2021. Vol. 10, N 2. Р. 302–306. doi: 10.52547/rbmb.10.2.302Xie Z, Hou L, Shen S, et al. Mechanical force promotes dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1-mediated hydrolysis of the metabolite asymmetric dimethylarginine to enhance bone formation. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):50. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27629-2Xie Z., Hou L., Shen S., et al. Mechanical force promotes dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1-mediated hydrolysis of the metabolite asymmetric dimethylarginine to enhance bone formation // Nat Commun. 2022. Vol. 13, N 1, Р. 50. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-27629-2Yokoro M, Otaki N, Yano M, et al. Association between asymmetric dimethylarginine and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older women. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):5510. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32046-0Yokoro M., Otaki N., Yano M., et al. Association between asymmetric dimethylarginine and sarcopenia in community-dwelling older women // Sci Rep. 2023. Vol. 13, N 1, P. 5510. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-32046-0Petermann-Rocha F, Gray SR, Pell JP, et al. Biomarkers Profile of People With Sarcopenia: A Cross-sectional Analysis From UK Biobank. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(12):2017.e1–2017.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.005Petermann-Rocha F., Gray S.R., Pell J.P., et al. Biomarkers Profile of People With Sarcopenia: A Cross-sectional Analysis From UK Biobank // J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020. Vol. 21, N 12. Р. 2017.e1–2017.e9. doi: 10.1016/j.jamda.2020.05.005Shin HE, Walston JD, Kim M, Won CW. Sex-Specific Differences in the Effect of Free Testosterone on Sarcopenia Components in Older Adults. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;(12):695614. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.695614. Erratum in: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022;(13):876640.Shin H.E., Walston J.D., Kim M., Won C.W. Sex-Specific Differences in the Effect of Free Testosterone on Sarcopenia Components in Older Adults // Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021. N 12, P. 695614. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.695614. Erratum in: Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2022. N 13. P. 876640.Kirby M, Hackett G, Ramachandran S. Testosterone and the Heart. Eur Cardiol. 2019;14(2):103–110. doi: 10.15420/ecr.2019.13.1Kirby M., Hackett G., Ramachandran S. Testosterone and the Heart // Eur Cardiol. 2019. Vol. 14, N 2. Р. 103–110. doi: 10.15420/ecr.2019.13.1Elagizi A, Köhler TS, Lavie CJ. Testosterone and Cardiovascular Health. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(1):83–100. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.11.006Elagizi A., Köhler T.S., Lavie C.J. Testosterone and Cardiovascular Health // Mayo Clin Proc. 2018. Vol. 93, N 1. P. 83–100. doi: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2017.11.006Islam RM, Bell RJ, Handelsman DJ, et al. Associations between blood sex steroid concentrations and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in healthy older women in Australia: a prospective cohort substudy of the ASPREE trial. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022;3(2):e109–e118. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00001-0. Erratum in: Lancet Healthy Longev. 2023;4(8):e373.Islam R.M., Bell R.J., Handelsman D.J., et al. Associations between blood sex steroid concentrations and risk of major adverse cardiovascular events in healthy older women in Australia: a prospective cohort substudy of the ASPREE trial // Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022. Vol. 3, N 2. P. e109–e118. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00001-0. Erratum in: Lancet Healthy Longev. 2023. Vol. 4, N 8. P. e373.Heinze-Milne S, Banga S, Howlett SE. Low testosterone concentrations and risk of ischaemic cardiovascular disease in ageing: not just a problem for older men. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022;3(2):e83–e84. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00008-3Heinze-Milne S., Banga S., Howlett S.E. Low testosterone concentrations and risk of ischaemic cardiovascular disease in ageing: not just a problem for older men // Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022. Vol. 3, N 2. Р. e83–e84. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(22)00008-3Shigehara K, Izumi K, Kadono Y, Mizokami A. Testosterone and Bone Health in Men: A Narrative Review. J Clin Med. 2021;10(3):530. doi: 10.3390/jcm10030530Shigehara K., Izumi K., Kadono Y., Mizokami A. Testosterone and Bone Health in Men: A Narrative Review // J Clin Med. 2021. Vol. 10, N 3. Р. 530. doi: 10.3390/jcm10030530Alalwan TA. Phenotypes of Sarcopenic Obesity: Exploring the Effects on Peri-Muscular Fat, the Obesity Paradox, Hormone-Related Responses and the Clinical Implications. Geriatrics (Basel). 2020;5(1):8. doi: 10.3390/geriatrics5010008Alalwan T.A. Phenotypes of Sarcopenic Obesity: Exploring the Effects on Peri-Muscular Fat, the Obesity Paradox, Hormone-Related Responses and the Clinical Implications // Geriatrics (Basel). 2020. Vol. 5, N 1. Р. 8. doi: 10.3390/geriatrics5010008Sergeeva NS, Karmakova TA, Alentov II, et al. Clinical significanse of prostate-specific antigen in breast cancer patients. Siberian journal of oncology. 2020;19(6):28–37. doi: 10.21294/1814-4861-2020-19-6-28-37Сергеева Н.С., Кармакова Т.А., Алентов И.И., и др. Клиническая значимость простатического специфического антигена у больных раком молочной железы // Сибирский онкологический журнал. 2020. T. 19, № 6. С. 28–37. doi: 10.21294/1814-4861-2020-19-6-28-37Khosravi A, Nemati E, Soleimanian M, et al. Association between prostate specific antigen levels and coronary artery angioplasty. J Renal Inj Prev. 2016;6(2):132–136. doi: 10.15171/jrip.2017.26Khosravi A., Nemati E., Soleimanian M., et al. Association between prostate specific antigen levels and coronary artery angioplasty // J Renal Inj Prev. 2016. Vol. 6, N 2. Р. 132–136. doi: 10.15171/jrip.2017.26Lee JH, Jee BA, Kim JH, et al. Prognostic Impact of Sarcopenia in Patients with Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel). 2021;13(24):6345. doi: 10.3390/cancers13246345Lee J.H., Jee B.A., Kim J-H., et al. Prognostic Impact of Sarcopenia in Patients with Metastatic Hormone-Sensitive Prostate Cancer // Cancers (Basel). 2021. Vol. 13, N 24. Р. 6345. doi: 10.3390/cancers13246345Chang Y, Kim JH, Noh JW, et al. Prostate-Specific Antigen Within the Reference Range, Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Mortality. Circ Res. 2019;124(10):1492–1504. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313413Chang Y., Kim J.H., Noh J.W., et al. Prostate-Specific Antigen Within the Reference Range, Subclinical Coronary Atherosclerosis, and Cardiovascular Mortality // Circ Res. 2019. Vol. 124, N 10. Р. 1492–1504. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.118.313413Guo M, Yao J, Li J, et al. Irisin ameliorates age-associated sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023;14(1):391–405. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13141Guo M., Yao J., Li J., et al. Irisin ameliorates age-associated sarcopenia and metabolic dysfunction // J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2023. Vol. 14, N 1. Р. 391–405. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.13141Supriya R, Singh KP, Gao Y, et al. A Multifactorial Approach for Sarcopenia Assessment: A Literature Review. Biology (Basel). 2021;10(12):1354. doi: 10.3390/biology10121354Supriya R., Singh K.P., Gao Y., et al. A Multifactorial Approach for Sarcopenia Assessment: A Literature Review // Biology (Basel). 2021. Vol. 10, N 12. Р. 1354. doi: 10.3390/biology10121354Fu J, Li F, Tang Y, et al. The Emerging Role of Irisin in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(20):e022453. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.022453Fu J., Li F., Tang Y., et al. The Emerging Role of Irisin in Cardiovascular Diseases // J Am Heart Assoc. 2021. Vol. 10, N 20. Р. e022453. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.121.022453Zhao M, Zhou X, Yuan C, et al. Association between serum irisin concentrations and sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis: a cross-sectional study. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):16093. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73176-zZhao M., Zhou X., Yuan C., et al. Association between serum irisin concentrations and sarcopenia in patients with liver cirrhosis: a cross-sectional study // Sci Rep. 2020. Vol. 10, N 1. Р. 16093. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-73176-zAntuña E, Cachán-Vega C, Bermejo-Millo JC, et al. Inflammaging: Implications in Sarcopenia. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(23):15039. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315039Antuña E., Cachán-Vega C., Bermejo-Millo J.C., et al. Inflammaging: Implications in Sarcopenia // Int J Mol Sci. 2022. Vol. 23, N 23. Р. 15039. doi: 10.3390/ijms232315039Kirk B, Feehan J, Lombardi G, Duque G. Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2020;18(4):388–400. doi: 10.1007/s11914-020-00599-yKirk B., Feehan J., Lombardi G., Duque G. Muscle, Bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological Role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines // Curr Osteoporos. 2020. Vol. 18, N 4. Р. 388–400. doi: 10.1007/s11914-020-00599-yColaianni G, Cuscito C, Mongelli T, et al. Irisin enhances osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;(2014):902186. doi: 10.1155/2014/902186Colaianni G., Cuscito C., Mongelli T., et al. Irisin enhances osteoblast differentiation in vitro // Int J Endocrinol. 2014. N 2014. P. 902186. doi: 10.1155/2014/902186Anastasilakis AD, Koulaxis D, Kefala N, et al. Circulating irisin levels are lower in patients with either stable coronary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infarction (MI) versus healthy controls, whereas follistatin and activin A levels are higher and can discriminate MI from CAD with similar to CK-MB accuracy. Metabolism. 2017;(73):1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.05.002Anastasilakis A.D., Koulaxis D., Kefala N., et al. Circulating irisin levels are lower in patients with either stable coronary artery disease (CAD) or myocardial infarction (MI) versus healthy controls, whereas follistatin and activin A levels are higher and can discriminate MI from CAD with similar to CK-MB accuracy // Metabolism. 2017. N 73, Р. 1–8. doi: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.05.002Kwon JH, Moon KM, Min KW. Exercise-Induced Myokines can Explain the Importance of Physical Activity in the Elderly: An Overview. Healthcare (Basel). 2020;8(4):378. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040378Kwon J.H., Moon K.M., Min K.W. Exercise-Induced Myokines can Explain the Importance of Physical Activity in the Elderly: An Overview // Healthcare (Basel). 2020. Vol. 8, N 4. Р. 378. doi: 10.3390/healthcare8040378Bekki M, Hashida R, Kawaguchi T, et al. The association between sarcopenia and decorin, an exercise-induced myokine, in patients with liver cirrhosis: a pilot study. JCSM Rapid Communications. 2018;1(2):1–10. doi: 10.1002/j.2617-1619.2018.tb00009Bekki M., Hashida R., Kawaguchi T., et al. The association between sarcopenia and decorin, an exercise-induced myokine, in patients with liver cirrhosis: a pilot study // JCSM Rapid Communications. 2018. Vol. 1, N 2. P. 1–10. doi: 10.1002/j.2617-1619.2018.tb00009Baczek J, Silkiewicz M, Wojszel ZB. Myostatin as a Biomarker of Muscle Wasting and other Pathologies-State of the Art and Knowledge Gaps. Nutrients. 2020;12(8):2401. doi: 10.3390/nu12082401Baczek J., Silkiewicz M., Wojszel Z.B. Myostatin as a Biomarker of Muscle Wasting and other Pathologies-State of the Art and Knowledge Gaps // Nutrients. 2020. Vol. 12, N 8. Р. 2401. doi: 10.3390/nu12082401Peng LN, Lee WJ, Liu LK, et al. Healthy community-living older men differ from women in associations between myostatin levels and skeletal muscle mass. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018;9(4):635–642. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12302Peng L.N., Lee W.J., Liu L.K., et al. Healthy community-living older men differ from women in associations between myostatin levels and skeletal muscle mass // J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2018. Vol. 9, N 4. Р. 635–642. doi: 10.1002/jcsm.12302Skrzypczak D, Skrzypczak-Zielińska M, Ratajczak AE, et al. Myostatin and Follistatin-New Kids on the Block in the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia in IBD and Possible Therapeutic Implications. Biomedicines. 2021;9(10):1301. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9101301Skrzypczak D., Skrzypczak-Zielińska M., Ratajczak A.E., et al. Myostatin and Follistatin-New Kids on the Block in the Diagnosis of Sarcopenia in IBD and Possible Therapeutic Implications // Biomedicines. 2021. Vol. 9, N 10. Р. 1301. doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9101301Esposito P, Picciotto D, Battaglia Y, et al. Myostatin: Basic biology to clinical application. Adv Clin Chem. 2022;(106):181–234. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.09.006Esposito P., Picciotto D., Battaglia Y., et al. Myostatin: Basic biology to clinical application // Adv Clin Chem. 2022. N 106. P. 181–234. doi: 10.1016/bs.acc.2021.09.006Oliveira PGS, Schwed JF, Chiuso-Minicucci F, et al. Association Between Serum Myostatin Levels, Hospital Mortality, and Muscle Mass and Strength Following ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Heart Lung Circ. 2022;31(3):365–371. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.08.018Oliveira P.G.S., Schwed J.F., Chiuso-Minicucci F., et al. Association Between Serum Myostatin Levels, Hospital Mortality, and Muscle Mass and Strength Following ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction // Heart Lung Circ. 2022. Vol. 31, N 3. Р. 365–371. doi: 10.1016/j.hlc.2021.08.018Ahn SH, Jung HW, Lee E, et al. Decreased Serum Level of Sclerostin in Older Adults with Sarcopenia. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2022;37(3):487–496. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2022.1428Ahn S.H., Jung H.W., Lee E., et al. Decreased Serum Level of Sclerostin in Older Adults with Sarcopenia // Endocrinol Metab (Seoul). 2022. Vol. 37, N 3. Р. 487–496. doi: 10.3803/EnM.2022.1428Kim JA, Roh E, Hong SH, et al. Association of serum sclerostin levels with low skeletal muscle mass: The Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS). Bone. 2019;(128):115053. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115053Kim J.A., Roh E., Hong S.H., et al. Association of serum sclerostin levels with low skeletal muscle mass: The Korean Sarcopenic Obesity Study (KSOS) // Bone. 2019. N 128. P. 115053. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.115053Courtalin M, Bertheaume N, Badr S, et al. Relationships between Circulating Sclerostin, Bone Marrow Adiposity, Other Adipose Deposits and Lean Mass in Post-Menopausal Women. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(6):5922. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065922Courtalin M., Bertheaume N., Badr S., et al. Relationships between Circulating Sclerostin, Bone Marrow Adiposity, Other Adipose Deposits and Lean Mass in Post-Menopausal Women // Int J Mol Sci. 2023. Vol. 24, N 6. Р. 5922. doi: 10.3390/ijms24065922Tobias JH. Sclerostin and Cardiovascular Disease. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2023;21(5):519–526. doi: 10.1007/s11914-023-00810-wTobias J.H. Sclerostin and Cardiovascular Disease // Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2023. Vol. 21, N 5. Р. 519–526. doi: 10.1007/s11914-023-00810-wFrysz M, Gergei I, Scharnagl H, et al. Circulating Sclerostin Levels Are Positively Related to Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Related Risk Factors. J Bone Miner Res. 2022;37(2):273–284. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4467Frysz M., Gergei I., Scharnagl H., et al. Circulating Sclerostin Levels Are Positively Related to Coronary Artery Disease Severity and Related Risk Factors // J Bone Miner Res. 2022. Vol. 37, N 2. Р. 273–284. doi: 10.1002/jbmr.4467Golledge J, Thanigaimani S. Role of Sclerostin in Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022;42(7):e187–e202. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.122.317635Golledge J., Thanigaimani S. Role of Sclerostin in Cardiovascular Disease // Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022. Vol. 42, N 7. Р. e187–e202. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.122.317635Bian A, Ma Y, Zhou X, et al. Association between sarcopenia and levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the elderly. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020;21(1):214. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03236-yBian A., Ma Y., Zhou X., et al. Association between sarcopenia and levels of growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor-1 in the elderly // BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2020. Vol. 21, N 1. Р. 214. doi: 10.1186/s12891-020-03236-yTritos NA, Biller BMK. Current concepts of the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021;22(1):109–116. doi: 10.1007/s11154-020-09594-1Tritos N.A., Biller B.M.K. Current concepts of the diagnosis of adult growth hormone deficiency // Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2021. Vol. 22, N 1. P. 109–116. doi: 10.1007/s11154-020-09594-1Kopchick JJ, Berryman DE, Puri V, et al. The effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue: old observations, new mechanisms. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020;16(3):135–146. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0280-9Kopchick J.J., Berryman D.E., Puri. V., et al. The effects of growth hormone on adipose tissue: old observations, new mechanisms // Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2020. Vol. 16, N 3. P. 135–146. doi: 10.1038/s41574-019-0280-9Cannarella R, Barbagallo F, Condorelli RA, et al. Osteoporosis from an Endocrine Perspective: The Role of Hormonal Changes in the Elderly. J Clin Med. 2019;8(10):1564. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101564Cannarella R., Barbagallo F., Condorelli R.A., еt al. Osteoporosis from an Endocrine Perspective: The Role of Hormonal Changes in the Elderly // J Clin Med. 2019. Vol. 8, N 10. Р. 1564. doi: 10.3390/jcm8101564Obradovic M, Zafirovic S, Soskic S, et al. Effects of IGF-1 on the Cardiovascular System. Curr Pharm Des. 2019;25(35):3715–3725. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666191106091507Obradovic M., Zafirovic S., Soskic S., et al. Effects of IGF-1 on the Cardiovascular System // Curr Pharm Des. 2019. Vol. 25, N 35. Р. 3715–3725. doi: 10.2174/1381612825666191106091507Higashi Y, Gautam S, Delafontaine P, Sukhanov S. IGF-1 and cardiovascular disease. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2019;(45):6–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.01.002Higashi Y., Gautam S., Delafontaine P., Sukhanov S. IGF-1 and cardiovascular disease // Growth Horm IGF Res. 2019. N 45, P. 6–16. doi: 10.1016/j.ghir.2019.01.002Rudenka AV, Rudenka EV, Samokhovec VYu, et al. Association of vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism with a bone mineral density level in postmenopausal women. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Medical series. 2019;16(2):192–201. doi: 10.29235/1814-6023-2019-16-2-192-201Руденко Е.В., Руденко Э.В., Самоховец О.Ю., и др. Ассоциация полиморфных вариантов гена рецептора витамина D с показателями минеральной плотности костной ткани у женщин в менопаузе // Известия Национальной академии наук Беларуси. Серия медицинских наук. 2019. Т. 16, № 2. С. 192–201. doi: 10.29235/1814-6023-2019-16-2-192-201Reid IR. Vitamin D Effect on Bone Mineral Density and Fractures. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017;46(4):935–945. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.005Reid I.R. Vitamin D Effect on Bone Mineral Density and Fractures // Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2017. Vol. 46, N 4. Р. 935–945. doi: 10.1016/j.ecl.2017.07.005Vaes AMM, Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Toussaint N, et al. The association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, physical performance and frailty status in older adults. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58(3):1173–1181. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1634-0Vaes A.M.M., Brouwer-Brolsma E.M., Toussaint N., et al. The association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, physical performance and frailty status in older adults // Eur J Nutr. 2019. Vol. 58, N 3. Р. 1173–1181. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1634-0Beaudart C, Buckinx F, Rabenda V, et al. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(11):4336–4345. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1742Beaudart C., Buckinx F., Rabenda V., et al. The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials // J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014. Vol. 99, N 11. Р. 4336–4345. doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1742Kim YM, Kim S, Won YJ, Kim SH. Clinical Manifestations and Factors Associated with Osteosarcopenic Obesity Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in Koreans with Obesity. Calcif Tissue Int. 2019;105(1):77–88. doi: 10.1007/s00223-019-00551-yKim Y.M., Kim. S., Won Y.J., Kim S.H. Clinical Manifestations and Factors Associated with Osteosarcopenic Obesity Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in Koreans with Obesity // Calcif Tissue Int. 2019. Vol. 105. P. 77–88. doi: 10.1007/s00223-019-00551-yLatic N, Erben RG. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease, with Emphasis on Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(18):6483. doi: 10.3390/ijms21186483Latic N., Erben R.G. Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease, with Emphasis on Hypertension, Atherosclerosis, and Heart Failure // Int J Mol Sci. 2020. Vol. 21, N 18. Р. 6483. doi: 10.3390/ijms21186483