Spatial-Temporal Structure Features of Muscle Synergies During Profiling Elements Implementation in Rhythmic Gymnastics

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Abstract

The article presents an analysis of the muscle synergies involved in making ball throws in different directions and from different starting positions. The study involved 6 highly qualified athletes engaged in rhythmic gymnastics. Electromyograms of the superficial muscles of the upper extremities and trunk were recorded synchronously during the movements, as well as video capture of the movements of body segments. Synergy parameters were extracted from the recorded signals using factor analysis using the principal component method. It has been established that individuals who have mastered a complex motor skill can demonstrate similar motor control strategies. This is manifested in the structuring of intermuscular interaction in the form of two general modules, the degree of involvement of muscles in which is highly similar in the implementation of different motor tasks. The first muscle module implements active movement of the upper limb by jointly activating the muscles of the forearm, shoulder and upper shoulder girdle, and also provides stabilization of the position of the trunk by synchronizing the activity of the muscles of the back and abdomen. The second muscle module is specific and is mainly associated with high involvement in the synergy of the muscles of the upper shoulder girdle and forearm for the implementation of exercises performed without visual control, or from starting positions that limit the mobility of certain parts of the body. Thus, the solution to the problem of coordination of many elements of the motor system may consist not only in reducing the number of executive organs – muscles involved in control, but also in organizing control variables in the form of modules at the kinematic level and their stabilization through muscle synergies.

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About the authors

S. A. Moiseev

Velikiye Luki State Academy of Physical Education and Sports

Author for correspondence.
Email: sergey_moiseev@vlgafc.ru
Russian Federation, Velikiye Luki

S. M. Ivanov

Velikiye Luki State Academy of Physical Education and Sports

Email: sergey_moiseev@vlgafc.ru
Russian Federation, Velikiye Luki

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Supplementary files

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2. Fig. 1. The scheme of decomposition of the data matrix into components and the allocation of the spatial-temporal structure of synergies.

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3. Fig. 2. Averaged intraindividual profiles of activation of the first muscle synergy (a) and kinematic module (b) during exercise. 1 – throw forward with the right hand, 2 – throw forward with the left hand, 3 – throw forward with two hands, 4 – throw with the right hand to the side, 5 – throw with the right hand back, 6 – throw from behind forward with the right hand, 7 - throw kneeling forward with the right hand, 8 – throw from the saddle forward with your right hand. On the axis of the abscissa is the U. E., on the axis of the ordinate is the progress of movement.

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4. Fig. 3. Averaged intraindividual profiles of activation of the second muscle synergy (a) and kinematic module (b) when performing movements from different starting positions and directions of throwing the ball. 1 – throw forward with the right hand, 2 – throw forward with the left hand, 3 – throw forward with two hands, 4 – throw with the right hand to the side, 5 – throw with the right hand back, 6 – throw from behind forward with the right hand, 7 - throw kneeling forward with the right hand, 8 – throw from the saddle forward with your right hand. On the axis of the abscissa is the U. E., on the axis of the ordinate is the progress of movement.

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5. Fig. 4. Weight coefficients in the structure of muscle synergies in the implementation of different ball throws. L is the left side, R is the right side. 1 – throw forward with the right hand, 2 – throw forward with the left hand, 3 – throw forward with two hands, 4 – throw with the right hand to the side, 5 – throw with the right hand back, 6 – throw from behind forward with the right hand, 7 - throw kneeling forward with the right hand, 8 – throw from the saddle forward with your right hand. S1-S4 is the muscle synergy number.

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6. Fig. 5. Weight coefficients in the structure of kinematic modules in the implementation of various throwing movements. r is the right side, L is the left side. 1 – throw forward with the right hand, 2 – throw forward with the left hand, 3 – throw forward with two hands, 4 – throw with the right hand to the side, 5 – throw with the right hand back, 6 – throw from behind forward with the right hand, 7 - throw kneeling forward with the right hand, 8 – throw from the saddle forward with your right hand. M1-M4 is the number of the kinematic module.

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