Transcription Factor NF-κB: Role and Significance in the Neuroimmunoendocrine Regulation of Respiratory Function in Normal Conditions and in Lung Pathology

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Resumo

The problem of modern biomedicine is the elucidation of the multicomponent and multilevel mechanism of a single neuroimmunoendocrine regulation of physiological functions, which plays the role of a universal conductor of all life processes. Respiratory diseases lead in the structure of general morbidity among the population and remain one of the most pressing problems of modern healthcare. The spread of lung diseases is facilitated by lifestyle, air pollution, smoking, environment, infections, and genetic predisposition. Various risk factors can contribute to the development of pathologies such as pneumonia, lung cancer, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and others. In addition, the rates of these diseases tend to increase every year. In this regard, verification and study of signaling molecules as factors involved in the neuroimmunoendocrine regulation of lung function in normal and pathological conditions, which on the one hand can be considered as biomarkers of disease prognosis, and on the other as potential targets for targeted effective therapy, is an urgent task of modern translational biomedicine. This literature review is devoted to study of the one of the key participants role in the neuroimmunoendocrine regulation of homeostasis – the transcription factor NF-κB in the regulation of respiratory function in health and the pathogenesis of lung diseases. Summarizing information on this topic is extremely important and promising for understanding the molecular mechanisms of the onset and course of diseases, and will also allow us to develop new approaches to targeted personalized therapy for socially significant pathologies: bronchial asthma, lung cancer, acute distress syndrome and COVID-19. A detailed study of the mechanisms of NF-κB activation and its relationship with other signaling pathways will lead to solving the main task of translational biomedicine – the development of innovative methods for the treatment and prevention of human diseases, including pathology of the respiratory system.

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Sobre autores

Yu. Belova

St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; St. Petersburg State University

Email: katerina.mironova@gerontology.ru
Rússia, St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

E. Mironova

St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Research Center “St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology”

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: katerina.mironova@gerontology.ru
Rússia, St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

T. Zubareva

St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; Research Center “St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology”

Email: katerina.mironova@gerontology.ru
Rússia, St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

I. Kvetnoy

St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; St. Petersburg State University

Email: katerina.mironova@gerontology.ru
Rússia, St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

P. Yablonsky

St. Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation; St. Petersburg State University

Email: katerina.mironova@gerontology.ru
Rússia, St. Petersburg; St. Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. Structure of proteins of the NF-kB family. TAD is the transcription activation domain, RHD is the Rel homology domain, and DD is the dimerization domain.

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3. Fig. 2. Canonical NEMO-dependent NF-kB signaling pathway. The activation of the signaling pathway occurs through the binding of their ligands by various cell receptors. Next, the phosphorylation of the IKK complex, including NEMO, IKKa and IKKß, takes place. This complex also phosphorylates IkBa/β, which leads to polyubiquitination of IkBa/β and degradation by the proteasome. After that, the p65/p50 complex translocates into the nucleus and activates the expression of inflammatory genes (IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, etc.). BCR – B-cell receptor, TCR– T-cell receptor, IL6R– IL-6 receptor, NEMO – NF-kB modifier, UbL – ubiquitin-like protein, Ub – ubiquitin, P – phosphoric acid residue.

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4. Fig. 3. Non-canonical NEMO-independent NF-kB signaling pathway. The non-canonical NF-kB pathway is induced through TNF family receptors (CD40, BAFFR, LTßR and RANK). Next, NIK is activated, which phosphorylates the p100/RelB complex, which leads to ubiquitinylation of p100 and its further proteasome degradation, as well as the formation of the RelB/p52 complex and its translocation into the nucleus.

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