


Volume 65, Nº 3 (2023)
ОБЗОРЫ
Two-Photon Stereolithography—Optical Nanolithography
Resumo
Free-radical photopolymerization has been widely used in additive technologies, in particular, stereolithography using single- and two-photon initiated polymerization. The single-photon stereolithography affords the objects with about 100 μm resolution. The two-photon stereolithography initiated with a femtosecond near-infrared laser can afford arbitrary 3D microstructures with ultrahigh resolution at micro- and nanoscale level (~100 nm). Herein each of the mentioned method and the mechanisms of single- and two-photon excitation are reviewed. The recent results on the components of the photopolymerizable resin as well as the approaches to decrease the size of the elements of objects and accelerate their formation have been generalizated and systematized.



ПОЛИМЕРИЗАЦИЯ
Features of Methyl Methacrylate Polymerization Mediated by Methylene Blue and Ethyl 2-Bromoisobutyrate under Photoirradiation Conditions
Resumo
Using methyl methacrylate polymerization as an example, the features of polymer synthesis in the presence of the catalytic system [methylene blue + ethyl 2-bromoisobutyrate] at room temperature under visible light irradiation are investigated. The effect of polymerization conditions, including the light irradiation wavelength and various structure activators, on the monomer conversion and molecular weight characteristics of polymers is estimated. It is shown that polymerization can proceed in the controlled mode under mild temperature conditions according to the atom transfer mechanism (Metal Free Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) to high conversions at low photocatalyst concentrations.



On the Absence of Cyclic Structures in Branched Polystyrenes Synthesized by Living Three-Dimensional Radical Polymerization in the Medium of a Deteriorating Thermodynamic Quality Solvent
Resumo
Branched polystyrenes are synthesized by the radical copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene with reversible inhibition (in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl) under deteriorating thermodynamic quality of the solvent. The resulting polymers are studied by size-exclusion chromatography combined with static light scattering, ozonolysis, NMR spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The branched polymers synthesized by living radical polymerization are characterized by lower intrinsic viscosity values than their linear analogs. Kuhn–Mark–Houwink parameters for these polymers in a tetrahydrofuran solution (а = 0.29) confirm the nonlinear architecture of macromolecules and a high content of pendant double bonds comparable in the order of magnitude with their theoretical content in the absence of the cyclization reaction indicate their branched structure. The glass transition temperature of the branched polystyrenes is 20–35°С lower than the glass transition temperature of the linear polystyrene.



МЕДИЦИНСКИЕ ПОЛИМЕРЫ
ИЗУЧЕНИЕ АНТИМИКРОБНОГО ДЕЙСТВИЯ ХИТОЗАНОВОГО ПОКРЫТИЯ, ДОПИРОВАННОГО ФТОРСОДЕРЖАЩИМИ ХИНОЛИНАМИ
Resumo
На основе хитозана и вновь синтезированного соединения фторхинолинового ряда ‒ 5-диметиламинометил-7-(2,2,2-трифтор-1-гидрокси-1-трифторметил-этил)хинолин-8-ола получен новый композит. Проведен сравнительный анализ его антимикробной активности с другими хитозановыми композитами, содержащими в своем составе применяемые в современной медицине такие антибиотики, как тетрациклин, ванкомицин и ципрофлоксацин. Продемонстрирована высокая эффективность 5-диметиламинометил-7-(2,2,2-трифтор-1-гидрокси-1-трифторметил-этил)хинолин-8-ола при подавлении роста Staphylococcus Aureus. Установлена возможность получения хитозановых наночастиц, допированных новым композитом, для применения их в качестве “интеллектуального” покрытия биопротезов клапанов сердца, в том числе с использованием угольной кислоты. Найден подход, позволяющий формировать гибридный биоматрикс на основе стабилизированного глутаровым альдегидом ксеногенного перикарда с ковалентно привязанным к нему полимерным “экраном” из хитозановых наночастиц как нано(микро)контейнеров с антимикробными агентами. Методом ионного гелирования синтезированы стабильные наночастицы хитозана, допированные новым композитом, что подтверждается высоким значением дзета-потенциала (|ζ| ~ 45 мВ). С помощью микроскопии высокого разрешения идентифицировано ультратонкое покрытие из полимерных сферических наночастиц (~70 нм), имеющих высокую адгезию к коллагеновым фибриллам. Показана возможность реализации индуцированного изменением рН среды “умного” антимикробного ответа данного биопокрытия за счет вариантов конформации (раскручивания) полимерных наночастиц хитозана и высвобождения цидных агентов в случае роста патогена на его поверхности.



КОМПОЗИТЫ
Polyampholite–Metal Complexes for Catalytic Processes
Resumo
Polyampholyte–metal complexes based on polyacrylic acid; the aliphatic diamines ethylenediamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, and 1,4-diaminobutane; and Cu2+ was obtained by reacting aqueous solutions of polyampholytes and CuSO4. Using the method of simultaneous thermal analysis, it was found that the thermal degradation of the complexes occurs in three steps. The activation energy of thermal degradation of the polyampholyte–metal complexes is 22–99 kJ/mol. It was established by X-ray diffraction analysis that the products of thermal degradation of polyampholyte–metal complexes are heterogeneous systems composed of CuO and Cu2O phases, while catalysts based on them are heterogeneous systems consisting of Al2O3 and CuO phases. The size distribution of catalyst pores showed that the volume of pores with a diameter of less than 773 nm was 0.80–0.83 cm3/g, the specific surface area was 349–351 m2/g, and the predominant equivalent pore diameter was 6.2–6.3 nm. The mechanical crushing strength of catalyst pellets was found to be 7.1–7.3 MPa. In the process of CO oxidation to CO2, the catalyst began to exhibit its activity at 180–187°C; the complete conversion of CO in the oxidation reaction was achieved at 280–286°C. The performance of the obtained catalysts was 2.7–2.8 times higher than that of a reference sample.


